The purpose of which job is to study the end result off reproduce and you can age toward egg manufacturing in addition to egg outside and you may interior quality inside four Italian dual-objective types , at the beginning and some months later on than simply earliest months installing interest you to taken place, correspondingly, at the conclusion of summer/beginning of autumn plus cold weather, less than variable environment criteria.
dos.step one. Animals and you will Rearing Criteria
Five Italian chicken breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you will Robusta Lionata (RL), was thought on data. Your body lbs from mature females is actually step 1.25 kg in the PP, dos.29 kilogram within the Er and 3.05 kg inside the RM and you will RL. The resource ‘s the Veneto area (Italy): PP is actually a classic regional breed; their resource try dated back again to this new XIX century, however, zero accurate analysis with the the genetic resource can be found. One other types are formulated within the Veneto when you look at the 1950s: the fresh new Emergency room reproduce is inspired by Sussex (tinted eggshell reproduce) and you can Rhode Area (brown eggshell breed) types, while toward RM and you may RL types, Brownish Orpington and you may Light The united states, a few brown eggshell types were utilized . And the adult body weight, this type of breeds disagree within their plumage the colour: it’s fantastic during the PP, Emergency room shows erminate plumage, RM plumage is mainly light which have black extremities in a lot of countries of human anatomy, black colored feathers out of primaries and end and you can RL reveals good tawny plumage which have black colored feathers away from primaries and you may tail. All of the types (Figure S1) show single comb and lay tinted eggshell egg (Profile S2).
2. Product and techniques
Birds out-of for every breed hatched at the same time (last half regarding elizabeth ranch of the Centre to possess Chicken Biodiversity Maintenance on Veneto region (they routinely offers the rearing of those types too when it comes to eggs design to possess incubation and brooding), during the Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), regarding hatching for the pubertal years and you can throughout the putting months, and therefore become on the avoid regarding summer on the beginning of trip (Profile 1), with respect to the breed. Serving, rearing criteria (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis methods had been the same into four types, since out of hatching towards the stop of one’s learned period, that was from inside the , in the 53 days old. The new freshly hatched chicks was left indoors when you look at the first 4 days out-of lifestyle, during the a green temperature decreasing regarding thirty two so you can 24 °C, lower than infra-red light lamps, towards the litter. At the step one.5 days of age, the fresh new wild birds received totally free the means to access outside areas, out-of spring so you’re able to autumn and you can winter season. Per reproduce (sixty hens) had totally free entry to outdoor (5 meters dos /bird) room (equipped with linear drinkers), where in actuality the hens stayed all round the day, and also to indoor (4 hens/meters 2 ) area (wood shavings and you may straw litter, having perches and you will circular feeders), used mainly to have installing eggs (cumulative nests) as well as nights; the room (interior and you will outside) available to for each and every reproduce is split because of the netting.
At the outset of putting (at about 22 days old to your reproduce with prior to start of installing), when you look at the September–October, according to the breed, the latest photoperiod try absolute and decreasing, with respect to the year therefore the geographic condition of your own demo channel in Northern Italy (typically, 12L:12D), and for the second months (out-of 38 months of age, of December so you can 53 months old), fake light try gradually increased (during the indoor area, incandescent light bulb, about 60 lux) to acquire good photoperiod from 14L:10D. The newest photoperiod are regulated from the a timekeeper, plus it is achieved by switching on this new light an hour gratis jamaicanska datingappar ahead of dawn and you will turning off they an hour or so immediately following sunset. The newest external environment temperature is actually 10 ± 3.4 °C and 11 ± 3.0 °C, respectively, into the earliest (from the beginning away from October towards avoid of November) and the 2nd (right from the start out of January into the end regarding March) installing attacks, in the event the data on give performance and you can eggs top quality were accumulated. The fresh new animals received ad libitum industrial nourishes centered on its mental phase (three diversified industrial feeds in the growing several months). On the earliest putting stage (26–33 weeks old, under coming down pure photoperiod), when the types started laying, brand new birds were given a commercial pelleted supply (PG = 16%, Me personally = eleven.8 MJ/kilogram, California = 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you may maize (PG = nine.1%, Me personally = thirteen.eight MJ/kg), from the a ratio of 1:step one. It’s well worth remembering you to definitely, at that decades, just the dual-mission and you may shaded eggshell breeds presented a changeable onset of laying and you will egg production rates, while this new hens belonging to the almost every other varieties of the brand new Preservation Middle to possess Biodiversity and you may hatched meanwhile of your studied breeds, like the white eggshell types, didn’t begin putting (Padovana reproduce) otherwise it presented an extremely light putting activity (Polverara breed), never achieving the endurance of ten% hen–big date egg development. The cause of the choice of the brand new Conservation Hub, to not fool around with a feed having putting hens throughout the this period, was due to not pressuring this new pullets in order to egg development throughout the a period that have coming down heat and you will photoperiod. The new birds became external, significantly less than favorable standards having skeletal fitness, perambulating surface and you may around solar light. On the back yard each reproduce, the existence of lawn accessible to the fresh wild birds was large during the new increasing period than simply on start of installing, which occurred following the summer time, if the rain try scarce and you can failed to allow for a good grass regrowth. Out-of 38 to help you 53 weeks of age, and you will lower than increasing photoperiod, the fresh new hens had been fed a professional pelleted feed having laying (PG = 16%, Myself = 11.5 MJ/kilogram, Ca = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). Most of the nourishes consisted mainly from maize and soybean.